Echoes of the Past: A Glimpse into Origins
The roar of a large-bore rifle, the satisfying recoil, and the precision with which a well-placed shot strikes its mark – these are the experiences that captivate rifle enthusiasts. Among the myriad of cartridges available, two stand out for their historical significance, impressive power, and enduring popularity: the 45-70 and the 45-110. Choosing between these two titans of the shooting world can feel like a monumental decision. This article delves into a detailed comparison, offering insights into the history, performance, practical considerations, and intended applications of each cartridge, helping you determine which is the better fit for your shooting pursuits.
Before we examine the specifics, it’s crucial to understand the lineage of these powerful cartridges. The 45-70, officially known as the 45-70 Government, holds a special place in American history. It was developed in the late nineteenth century, replacing the .50-70 Government cartridge. The “45” refers to the bullet diameter in inches (.458), while “70” indicates the weight of the black powder charge in grains. Adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873, the 45-70 played a vital role in the westward expansion of the nation, serving in conflicts and proving itself as a reliable hunting round. Its legacy is inextricably linked to the American West, with its effectiveness against buffalo, elk, and other big game securing its place in the hearts of hunters and shooters. The 45-70’s association with iconic rifles like the Springfield Model 1873 “Trapdoor” made it a symbol of the era.
The 45-110, on the other hand, has a different, though equally compelling, story. Also using a .458-inch diameter bullet, the “110” denotes the weight of the black powder charge used. While not a military cartridge in the same way as the 45-70, the 45-110 found its calling in the world of long-range shooting and competition. The cartridge’s creation is closely intertwined with the Sharps rifle, famed for its accuracy and effectiveness at extreme distances. It emerged as a competitive round designed to push the boundaries of black powder performance, achieving impressive ranges and engaging in the long-range target matches of the era. It represented a shift toward performance, prioritizing its ability to deliver a heavier projectile at longer ranges. The 45-110 represents a commitment to pushing accuracy and distance further.
Dimensions and the Blueprint of Power
Understanding the physical characteristics of these cartridges is vital to comprehending their capabilities. Let’s analyze the dimensions that dictate their performance.
The 45-70 has a case length of approximately 2.105 inches. This relatively compact design contributes to its versatility and makes it suitable for a wide range of rifles. Other significant dimensions include the rim diameter, which is usually around 0.605 inches, and the base diameter, typically around 0.505 inches. These dimensions are standard and allow for easy reloading.
The 45-110, notably, boasts a significantly longer case, usually around 3.25 inches. This extended case length allows for a substantial amount of black powder to be loaded, boosting both velocity and the capacity to accommodate heavier bullets. The rim and base diameters of the 45-110 are similar to those of the 45-70. The case length differential is immediately noticeable, impacting the overall cartridge weight and the potential for greater ballistic performance.
Both cartridges utilize bullets with a standard diameter of .458 inches. However, the weight of the projectiles can vary significantly. Common weights range from around 300 grains to well over 500 grains. The choice of bullet weight directly impacts the rifle’s trajectory, energy delivered at the target, and recoil experienced by the shooter. The 45-110, with its larger case capacity, can often accommodate heavier bullets more effectively than the 45-70, offering greater potential for long-range performance.
The powder capacity, directly related to case length, is a critical factor. The 45-70, with its smaller case, holds less powder. The 45-110’s larger case translates to a more extensive powder charge, primarily black powder or occasionally smokeless powders that have been specifically designed for its use, which then influences its performance.
Ballistic Behavior: Unveiling the Flight of the Bullet
Ballistic performance is the heart of the comparison. Let’s look at the vital components of the flight of the bullet.
When considering velocity, we see crucial differences. The 45-70, with its slightly smaller case, generally produces muzzle velocities that are less than its counterpart. A typical load might yield around 1300 to 1500 feet per second (fps) depending on the powder, bullet weight, and rifle.
The 45-110, with its greater powder capacity, often generates higher velocities, typically in the range of 1500 to 1700 fps. However, the potential for even higher velocities exists, contingent upon the ammunition used and the rifle’s construction.
As the bullets travel downrange, their velocity decreases. The 45-70’s velocity drops more quickly due to its inherent velocity limitations. This effect is less pronounced with the 45-110, especially with heavier bullets, where the larger powder charge has provided a higher velocity.
Trajectory, the path of the bullet through the air, is of paramount importance. A flatter trajectory means less “drop” over a given distance, making it easier to hit a target accurately. The 45-70’s trajectory is relatively flat at closer ranges, making it a great option for hunting in the woods or where shorter shots are expected.
The 45-110, because of its higher velocity and typically heavier bullets, exhibits a flatter trajectory at longer distances. This is one of the most significant advantages of the cartridge, making it a superior choice for long-range shooting competitions and hunting at greater distances.
Energy delivered at the target is a key measure of effectiveness. The 45-70, given its slightly lower muzzle velocity and usually lighter bullets, delivers considerable energy. However, the 45-110, with its ability to push heavier bullets at higher speeds, delivers significantly more energy at all ranges. The difference in energy translates directly to enhanced striking power at the target, a critical factor for big game hunting.
Practicalities in the Field and at the Range
Theoretically, the ballistics and specifications are important, but what about the practical considerations?
The availability and selection of rifles are crucial. The 45-70 is found in a diverse array of firearms. Lever-action rifles like the Marlin 1895 and the Winchester 1886 are probably the most popular. Single-shot rifles, like the Ruger No. 1, are also common. This wide selection ensures that a shooter can find a 45-70 rifle that fits their preferences and budget.
The 45-110 is a more specialized cartridge. Because of the cartridge length and the emphasis on long-range competition, it is almost exclusively found in single-shot rifles, particularly those based on the Sharps design.
Ammunition availability and cost are critical factors. The 45-70 is a widely produced and readily available cartridge. You can often find factory-loaded ammunition at most sporting goods stores. The cost is relatively affordable compared to other large-bore cartridges. Reloading supplies are also abundant, allowing shooters to customize their loads for optimal performance.
The 45-110, however, is less common. Finding factory-loaded ammunition can be challenging. While some manufacturers produce it, it’s often only available through specialty suppliers. The cost of ammunition is generally higher than the 45-70. Reloading is almost essential for the 45-110, allowing shooters to tailor their loads to their specific rifle and shooting requirements. This does involve an investment in reloading equipment and components.
Recoil is a major factor affecting the shooting experience. The 45-70 generates significant recoil, but it is usually considered manageable, particularly in rifles with heavier construction.
The 45-110, due to its greater power, tends to have more substantial recoil. The longer case length, and higher powder charges combined with the heavier bullets can make for a noticeably more forceful experience. The type of rifle also plays a role: single-shot rifles typically have less felt recoil than lever-action rifles, so it can vary among firearms.
Effective range and accuracy vary significantly. The 45-70 can be effective out to several hundred yards, particularly with heavier bullets.
The 45-110, with its flatter trajectory and heavier bullets, excels at longer ranges. Experienced shooters can accurately engage targets well beyond 500 yards, especially in a well-constructed rifle.
Applications: Finding the Right Tool
The intended use dictates the best cartridge.
The 45-70 remains a popular choice for hunting a variety of big game animals. It’s an excellent cartridge for whitetail deer, black bear, and even larger game like elk and moose, provided that shots are taken within reasonable distances, usually under 200 yards.
The 45-110 is equally appropriate for hunting, particularly at longer distances where a flat trajectory and greater retained energy are important. Experienced shooters can effectively hunt big game at 300 to 500 yards or more, depending on their capabilities.
Both cartridges can be used in target shooting, with the 45-70 ideal for informal plinking and shorter-range matches. The 45-110 is the primary choice for serious long-range competition, where accuracy and consistent performance at extreme distances are critical.
Considering the Strengths and Weaknesses
What are the benefits and detriments of each round?
The 45-70’s advantages include its accessibility and affordability, making it easier for the average shooter to get started. There is a great selection of rifles and ammunition.
The 45-70’s disadvantages are limited long-range capabilities, which is primarily why many shooters will opt for another round.
The 45-110 offers its strengths in delivering superior long-range performance. The inherent accuracy and the potential for heavy bullets, and the impressive energy make it very popular.
The 45-110’s cons include the rarity of ammunition, and more expensive ammunition. The cartridge itself is also more challenging for the novice shooter.
The Choice: Weighing Your Needs
In conclusion, the choice between the 45-70 and the 45-110 is not about one being inherently “better” than the other. It comes down to the intended application and the individual shooter’s needs and preferences. The 45-70 is an outstanding all-around cartridge, excellent for hunting and relatively affordable and accessible to use. The 45-110 excels at long-range shooting, offering exceptional performance at extended distances. Evaluate your shooting style, the type of hunting you enjoy, and the distances you typically engage to make the best decision. You’ll make the most informed choice by considering the trade-offs between versatility and specialized long-range capabilities. Ultimately, the cartridge that best suits your needs will provide the most rewarding experience.